탄성파 탐사를 통해 본 울릉분지의 지각특성과 동해형성에 있어서의 의미

Seismic study of the Ulleung Basin crust and its implications for the opening of the East Sea

  • 발행 : 19990000

초록

동해의 남서해역에 위치하는 울릉분지의 지각은 정상적인 해양지각보다 두꺼워서 과연 해양지각인지 아니면 얇아진 대륙지각인지가 불분명하다. 울릉분지의 지각구조와 그 특성을 정확히 모르는 가운데 분지의 진화에 관한 서로 다른 모델들이 제시되고 있음에 비추어 이 논문에서는 심부 탄성파 탐사자료를 이용하여 울릉분지의 지각구조와 특성을 밝히고 형성에 대한 단서를 제시하고자 한다. 울릉분지 지각의 두께는 10 km로서 정상적인 해양지각보다 두꺼우나 해저면 지진계 자료의 -p 분석과 2차원 파선추적을 기초로 하는 해석의 결과는 다음과 같이 해양지각의 특징을 가짐을 지시한다. (1) 울릉분지의 지각은 깊이에 따른 속도와 속도구배(velocity gradient)의 분포에서 상부층과 하부층으로 구성되는데 이들은 각각 전형적인 해양지각을 이루는 층단위 2 (layer 2)와 층단위 3 (layer 3)과 일치한다. (2) 상부층과 하부층 사이에는 약 1 km 구간에 걸쳐 5.7-6.3 km/s의 속도를 갖는 층을 관찰할 수 있는데, 이 것은 해양 층단위 2와 3 사이의 전이층으로 알려진 층단위 2C를 나타낸다. 그러므로 전형적인 대륙지각의 특징을 보이는 남서 일본열도가 늘어나면서 울릉분지가 형성되었다고는 볼 수 없다. 대신, 지각의 속도와 두께는 맨틀플룸의 바로 위가 아니라 그 주위에서 형성되는 정상보다 뜨거운 맨틀대류권내에서 발생하는 해저면확장에 의해 울릉분지가 형성되었음을 지시한다. 울릉분지의 형성에 영향을 미친 맨틀플룸은 중국 북동부에 존재하였을 것으로 추정되는데 이러한 논리는 울릉분지내와 그 주변에 분포하는 화산암의 형성시 맨틀플룸의 영향을 받았다는 지화학적 추론과 일치한다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 동해 남서부의 열림이 일본열도의 늘어남에 의한 것이 아니라 해저면 확장과 맨틀플룸의 영향을 받은 것임을 제시한다.

The Ulleung Basin (Tsushima Basin) in the southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea) is floored by a crust whose affinity is not known whether oceanic or thinned continental. This ambiguity resulted in unconstrained mechanisms of basin evolution. The present work attempts to define the nature of the crust of the Ulleung Basin and its tectonic evolution using seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data recorded on ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). Although the thickness of (10 km) of the crust is greater than typical oceanic crust, tau-p analysis of OBS data and forward modeling by 2-D ray tracing suggest that it is oceanic in character: (1) the crust consists of laterally consistent upper and lower layers that are typical of oceanic layers 2 and 3 in seismic velocity and gradient distribution and (2) layer 2C, the transition between layer 2 and layer 3 in oceanic crust, is manifested by a continuous velocity increase from 5.7 to 6.3 km/s over the thickness interval of about 1 km between the upper and lower layers. Therefore it is not likely that the Ulleung Basin was formed by the crustal extension of the southwestern Japan Arc where crustal structure is typically continental. Instead, the thickness of the crust and its velocity structure suggest that the Ulleung Basin was formed by seafloor spreading in a region of hotter than normal mantle surrounding a distant mantle plume, not directly above the core of the plume. It seems that the mantle plume was located in northeast China. This suggestion is consistent with geochemical data that indicate the influence of a mantle plume on the production of volcanic rocks in and around the Ulleung Basin. Thus we propose that the opening models of the southwestern East Sea should incorporate seafloor spreading and the influence of a mantle plume rather than the extension of the crust of the Japan Arc.

키워드

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