Solubility and Stability of Melatonin in Propylene glycol and 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin vehicles

  • Lee, Beom-Jin (Biological Rhyth and Controlled Release Lab, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Choi, Han-Gon (Department of Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Chong-Kook (Department of Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Parrott, Keith-A. (College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University) ;
  • Ayres, James-W. (College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University) ;
  • Sack, Robert-L. (School of Medicine, Oregon Health Science University)
  • Published : 1997.12.01

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of melatonin (MT) in propylene glycol (PG) and 2-hydroxypropyl-.betha.-cyclodextrin $(2-HP{\beta}CD)$ vehicles were characterized. MT was endothermally decomposed as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Melting point and heat of fusion obtained were $116.9{\pm}0.24^{\circ}C $.and $7249{\pm}217 cal/mol$., respectively. MT as received from a manufacture was very pure, at least 99.9%. The solubility of MT in PG solution increased slowly until reaching 40% PG and then steeply increased. Solubility of MT increased linearly as concentration of $2-HP{\beta}CD$ without PG INCREASED$(R^2=0.993)$. MT solubility in the mixtures of pg and $2-HP{\beta}CD$ also increased linearly but was less than the sum of its solubility in $2-HP{\beta}CD$ and PG individually. The MT solubility was low in water, simulated gastric or intestinal fluid but the highest in the mixture of PG(40v/v%) and $2-HP{\beta}CD$ (30w/v%) although efficiency of MT solubilization in $2-HP{\beta}CD$ decreased as the concentration of PG increased. MT was degraded in a fashion of the first order kinetics $(r^2>0.90)$. MT was unstable in strong acidic solution (HCl-NaCl buffer, pH 1.4) but relatively stable in other pH values of 4-10 at $70^{\circ}C$. In HCl-NaCl buffer, MT in 10% PG was more quickly degraded and then slowed dpwm at a higher concentration. However, the degradation rate constant of MT in 2-HP.betha.CD was not changed significantly when compared to the water. The current studies can be applied to the dosage formulations for the purpose of enhancing percutaneous absorption or bioavailability of MT.

Keywords

References

  1. Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters Barton,A.F.M.
  2. Melatonin and the Pineal Gland-from Basic Science to Clinical Application Plasma melatonin (M) and Sulfatoxy-melatonin (aMT6s) kinetics after transmucosal administration to humans Benes,L.;Brun,J.;Clauster,B.;Degrande,G.;Ducolux,N.;Geoffriau,M.;Horriere,F.;Karsenty,H.;Lagain,D.;Touitou,Y.(ed.);Arendt,J.(ed.);Pevet,P.(ed.)
  3. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals, A Handbook for Pharmacists Connors,K.A.;Amidon,G.L.;Kennon,L.
  4. J. Org. Chem. v.43 Biologically oriented organic sulfur chemistry. 19. Synthesis and properties of 2-amino-5-mercapto-5-methylhexanoic acid, a bishomologue of penicillamine. Use of boron trifluoride etherate for catalyzing Markownikoff addition of a thiol to an olefin Dilbeck,G.A.;Field,L.;Gallo,A,A,;Gargiulo,R.J.
  5. Pharm. Tech. v.14 Physicochemical characteristics and pharmaceutical uses of cyclodextrin derivatives Duchene,O.;Wouessidjewe,D.
  6. Adv. Anal. Chem. Instr. v.4 Phase solubility techniques Higuchi,T.;Connor,K.
  7. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. v.21 Development of a transdermal delivery device for melatonin: in vitro study Konsil,J.;Parrott,K.A.;Ayres,J.W.
  8. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. v.61 Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in man:first pass hepatic metabolism Lane,E.A.;Moss,H.B.
  9. Int. J. Pharm. v.144 Oral controlled release of melatonin using polymer-reinforced and coated alginate beads Lee,B.J.;Min,G.H.
  10. Arch. Pharm. Res. v.18 Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble naproxen by complexation with 2-hydroxypropy-β-cyclodextrin Lee,B.J.;Lee,J.R.
  11. Int. J. Pharm. v.124 Design and evaluation of and oral controlled release delivery system for melatonin in human subjects Lee,B.J.;Parrott,K.A.;Aryes,J.W.;Sack,R.L.
  12. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. v.22 Development and characterization of an oral controlled release delivery system for melatonin Lee,B.J.;Parrott,K.A.;Ayres,J.W.;Sack,R.L.
  13. Res. Comm. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. v.85 Preliminary evaluation of transdermal delivery of melatonin in human subjects Lee,B.J.;Parrot,K.A.;Ayres,J.W.;Sack,R.L.
  14. J. Am. Chem. Soc v.81 Structure of melatonin Lerner,A.B.;Case,J.D.;Heinzelman,R.V.
  15. Int. J. Pharm. v.57 The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the solubility and stability of chlorambucil and melphalan in aqueous solution Loftsson,T.;Bjornsdottir,S.;Palsdottir,G.;Border,N.
  16. J. Pharm. Sci. v.48 A kinetic study of the specific hydrogen icon catalyzed solvolysis of chloramphenicol in water-propylene glycol system Marcus,A.D.;Taraszka,A.J.
  17. J. Pharm. Sci. v.80 Effects of hydrotropic substances on the complexation of sparingly soluble drugs with cyclodextrin derivatives and the influence of cyclodextrin complexation on the phamacokinetics of the drugs Muller,B.W.;Albers,E.
  18. Ann., N.Y. Acad. Sci. v.453 Daily and annual rhythms in human melatonin secretion: Role in puberty Waldhauser,F.;Dietzel,M.
  19. Neuroendocrinol. v.39 Biavailability of oral melatonin in human Waldahuser,F.;Waldahuser,M.;Lieberman,H.R.;Deng,M.;Lynch,H.J.;Wurtman,R.J.
  20. J. Pharm. Sci. v.74 Solubilization by cosolvents 1: Organic solutes in propylene glycol-water mixtures Yalkowsky,S.H.;Rubino,J.T.
  21. Int. J. Pharm. v.46 Pharmaceutical evaluation of hydroxyalkyl ethers of β-cyclodextrin Yoshida,A.;Arima,H.;Uekama,K.;Pitha,J.