Geochemistry and Genesis of Hydrothermal Cu Deposits in the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea : Hwacheon-ri Mineralized Area

경상분지내 열수동광상의 지화학 및 성인연구 : 화천리지역 광화대

  • So, Chil-Sup (Dept. of Earth and Environment Sciences, Korea Univ.) ;
  • Choi, Sang-Hoon (Center for Mineral Resources Research, Korea Univ.) ;
  • Yun, Seong-Taek (Department of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineering, Semyung University)
  • Received : 1995.07.26
  • Published : 1995.08.31

Abstract

The Hwacheon-ri mineralized area is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin of the Korean peninsula. The mineralized area includes the Hwacheon, Daeweon, Kuryong and Cheongryong mines. Each of these mines occurs along copper-bearing hydrothermal quartz veins that crosscut late Cretaceous volcanic rocks, although some disseminated ores in host rocks also exist locally. Mineralization can be separated into three distinct stages (I, II, and III) which developed along preexisting fracture zones. Stage I is ore-bearing, whereas stages II and III are barren. The main phase of ore mineralization, stage I, can be classified into three substages (Ia, Ib and Ic) based on ore mineral assemblages and textures. Substage Ia is characterized by pyrite-arsenopyrite-molybdenite-pyrrhotite assemblage and is most common at the Hwacheon deposit. Substage Ib is represented by main precipitation of Cu, Zn, and Pb minerals. Substage Ic is characteristic of hematite occurrence and is shown only at the Kuryong and Cheongryong deposits. Some differences in the ore mineralization at each mine in the area suggest that the evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the area varied in space (both vertically and horizontally) with respect to igneous rocks relating the ore mineralization. Fluid inclusion data show that stage I ore mineralization mainly occurred at temperatures between ${\approx}350^{\circ}$ and ${\approx}200^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities between 9.2 and 0.5 wt.% eq. NaCl. In the waning period of substage Ia, the high temperature and salinity fluid gave way to progressively cooler, more dilute fluids of later substage Ib and Ic (down to $200^{\circ}C$, 0 wt.% NaCl). There is a systematic decrease in the calculated ${\delta}^{18}O_{H2O}$ values with paragenetic time in the Hwacheon-ri hydrothermal system from values of ${\approx}2.7$‰ for substage Ia, through ${\approx}-2.8$‰ for substage Ib, to ${\approx}-9.9$‰ for substage Ic. The ${\delta}D$ values of fluid inclusion water also decrease with decreasing temperature (except for the Daeweon deposit) from -62‰ (substage Ia) to -80‰ (substage Ic and stage III). These trends are interpreted to indicate the progressive cooler, more oxidizing unexchanged meteoric water inundation of an initial hydrothermal system which is composed of highly exchanged meteoric water. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation of the mineral assemblages with the variation in amounts of chalcopyrite through the paragenetic time, and the evolution of the Hwacheon-ri hydrothermal fluids indicate that the solubility of copper chloride complexes in the hydrothermal system was mainly controlled by the variation of temperature and $fo_2$ conditions.

경상분지 백악기 화산암류내 배태된 함동열수맥상광체들로 구성된 화천리지역 동광상(대원, 구룡, 청룡, 화천)들은 구조운동에 수반되어 3회(I, II, III)에 걸쳐 광화작용이 진행되었다. 주 광화시기인 광화 I기는 광물들의 산출조직과 공생관계 등에 의하여 3개의 substage (Ia, Ib, Ic)로 구분되며, 황철석, 유비철석, 자류철석, 자철석, 황동색, 에렉트럼, 섬아연석, 방연석, 적철석 등의 광석광물들이 주로 산출된다. 이들 광물조성은 지역내 각 광상에서 유사하지만, 몰리브덴의 산출이 관찰되는 화천광상의 경우 광화I기 초기(Ia)의 광화작용이, 구룡과 청룡광산에서는 적철석의 산출로 특징지어지는 광화I기 후기(Ic)의 광화작용이 각각 우세하게 진행되었다. 이러한 결과는 관계화성암과 관련된 지역내 각 광상의 공간적 분포상태에 따른 열수유체의 진화정도에 의해 지배되었을 것으로 사료된다. 유체포유물 연구결과, 광석광물의 주된 침전은 9~1 wt.% 상당염농도를 갖는 광화유체로부터 $350^{\circ}$에서 $200^{\circ}C$에 걸쳐 진행되었다. 광화유체내 산소, 수소, 안정동위원소 연구결과, 화천리지역 열수계의 광화유체내 산소 안정동위원소비값이 광화작용의 진행에 따라 2.7‰로 부터 후기 -9.9‰로 감소함은 수소 안정동위원소비값의 감소 (-62‰${\rightarrow}$-80‰)와 함께, 상대적으로 낮은 water/rock 비값을 갖는 환경하에서 동위원소 교환반응을 이뤄 평형상태에 이른 초기 열수계내에 차갑고 동위원소적 교환반응이 거의 이뤄지지 않은 천수의 혼입이 점증하였음을 보여준다. 이러한 광화유체의 진화양상과 광상내 산출하는 광물공생관계 및 화학조성에 의한 열역학적 고찰결과는, 광화유체내 Cu는 주로 chloride complex상으로 이동되었으며, 이의 침전은 주로 천수유입에 의한 $fo_2$의 변화와 온도감소에 의하여 지배되었음을 알 수 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Korea Research Foundation