Carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in suspended particulates of Seoul

서울시 대기 부유 분진중 중금속에 대한 발암 위해성 평가

  • Shin, Dong-Chun (Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University) ;
  • Chung, Yong (Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Jong-Man (Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University) ;
  • Lim, Young-Wook (Dept. of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University)
  • 신동천 (연세대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실, 연세대학교 환경공해연구소) ;
  • 정용 (연세대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실, 연세대학교 환경공해연구소) ;
  • 김종만 (연세대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실, 연세대학교 환경공해연구소) ;
  • 임영욱 (연세대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실, 연세대학교 환경공해연구소)
  • Published : 1994.06.01

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the health risk of carcinogenic heavy metals such as arsenic, nickel, chromium and cadmium Ambient concentrations of these metals were measured bimonthly, during May 1987 to March 1988. Respirable Particle concentrations of As, Ni, Cr, Cd in traffic area(Shinchon) were 16ng/㎥, 43ng/㎥, 4.2ng/㎥, 6.6ng/㎥, respectively, and in residential area(Bulkwang) were 25ng/㎥, 32ng/㎥, 4.7ng/㎥, 8.9ng/㎥, respectively. Carcinogenic risk of each metal was calculated by multiplication of ambient concentration and unit risk of the metal which was referred to recent version of Integrated Risk Information System(IRIS). Sum of the risk from these for metals was 9.8$\times$10$^{-5}$ as individual risk in traffic area and 13.9$\times$10$^{-5}$ in residential area.

Keywords

References

  1. 한국대기보전학회지 v.5 no.1 호흡성분진중의 중금속 오염도에 관한 조사연구 임영욱;정용
  2. 사망원인 통계연보 통계청
  3. 환경백서 환경처
  4. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.38 Health of workmen in the chromate-producing industry in Britain Alderson,M.R.;N.S.Rattan;L.Bidstrup
  5. The use of risk assessment to evaluate health risk from exposure to toxic substances Anderson,E.L.
  6. Lancet v.25 The mortality of cadmium workers Armstrong,B.G.;G.Kazantzis
  7. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.35 Arsenic exposure and mortality: A case referent study from a Swedish copper smelter Axelson,O.;E.Dahlgren;C.D.Jansson;S.O.Rehnlund
  8. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. v.2 no.5 Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers.Ⅰ. A review of the literature and report of cases Baetjer,A.M.
  9. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. v.2 no.5 Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers. Ⅱ. Incidence on basis of hospital records Baetijer,A.M.
  10. Br. J. Med. v.8 Carcinoma of the lung in chromate workers Bidstrup,P.L.
  11. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.13 Carcinoma of the lung in workmen in the bichromates-producing industry in Great Britain Bidstrup,P.L.;R.A.M.Case
  12. Arch. Geschwulstforschl. v.38 no.3-4 Epidemiological research of cancer cases in the chemical industry Bittersohl,G.
  13. Environmental chemistry of the elements Bowen,H.J.M.
  14. Public Health Rep. v.67 no.9 Morbidity and mortality experience among chromate workers Brinton,H.P.;E.S.Frasier;A.L.Koven
  15. Environ. Health Perspect. v.50 A new method for the analysis of cohort studies, implications of the multistage theory of carcinogenesis applied to occupational arsenic exposure Brown,C.C.;K.C.Chu
  16. Environ. Health Perspect. v.22 Risk assessment methodology and epidemiological evidence Cederlof,R.(et al.)
  17. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.38 Respiratory cancer in a cohort of sinter plant workers Chovil,A.;R.B.Sutherland;M.Halliday
  18. Lancet v.1 Lung-cancer mortality in workers making chrome pigments Davies,J.M.
  19. J. Oil Chem. Assoc. v.62 Lung cancer mortality of workers in chromate pigment manufacture: An epidemiological survey Davies,J.M.
  20. Sulfate formation in oil-fired power plant plumes, Vol. 1(Report N.EA-3231) Dietz,R.N.;Wieser,R.F.
  21. Environ. Health Perspect. v.23 Atmospheric pollution and lung cancer Doll,R.
  22. Atmos. Environ. v.10 Airborne Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu concentration by particle size near a Pb smelter Dorn,C.R.(et al.)
  23. J. Occup. Med. v.16 Respiratory cancer among chromate workers Enterline,P.E.
  24. Am. J. Epidemiol. v.116 no.6 Cancer among workers exposed to arsenic and other substances in a copper smelter Enterline,P.E.;G.M.Marsh
  25. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. v.68 Mortality among workers in a nickel refinery and alloy manufacturing plant in West Virginia Enterline,P.E.;G.M.Marsh
  26. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. v.105 Lung cancer mortality of workers employed in chromate pigment factories, A multicentric European epidemiological study Frentzel-Beyme,R.
  27. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: The basic science of poison(3 Eds.) Toxic effects of metals Goyer,R.A.;Klaassen,C.D.(ed.);Amdur,M.O.(ed.);Doull,J.(ed.)
  28. Int. J. Epidemiol. v.8 no.4 Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: A prospective study Hayes,R.B.;A.M.Lilienfeld;L.M.Snell
  29. Environmental science and technology v.14 Compound forms of fossil fuel fly ash emissions Henry,W.M.;Knapp,K.T.
  30. Arsenic and respiratory cancer among a sample of Anaconda smelter workers Higgins,I.
  31. Mortality of Anaconda smelter workers in relation to arsenic and other exposures Higgins,l.;K.Welch;C.Burchfield
  32. J. Occup. Med. v.21 no.2 Statistical analysis of epidemiological data from a chromium chemical manufacturing plant Hill,W.J.;W.S.Ferguson
  33. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 23, Some Metals and Metallic Compounds IARC(International Agency for Research on Cancer)
  34. Environmental research v.16 Kinetic model of cadmium metabolism in the human being Kjellstrom,T.;Nordberg,G.F.A.
  35. Arbeitsmedizin, Socialmedizin, Preventivmedizin v.17 no.7 Relationships between precautionary masures and bronchial carcinoma mortality in the chromate-producing industry Korallus,U.;H.Lange;A.Ness;E.Wustefeld;T.Zwingers
  36. Commission of the European Communities, Vol. 1&2(Report No. EUR 10678 EN/I and EUR 10678 EN/II) Heavy metals: Identification of air quality and environmental problems in the European Community, Luxembourg Lahmann,E.(et al.)
  37. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.32 A cohort study of bronchial carinomas in workers producing chromate pigments Langard,S.;T.Norseth
  38. Biological and environmental aspects of chromium Absorption, transport and excretion of chromium in man and animals Langard,S.;Langard,S.(ed.)
  39. Inhalation Carcinogenesis, U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. Symp. Series v.18 Studies in pulmonary carcinogenesis, Laskin,S.;M.Kuschner;R.T.Drew;M.G.Hanna,Jr.(ed.);P.Nettesheim(ed.);J.R.Gilbert(ed.)
  40. Arsenic: Industrial, Biomedical, and Environmental Perspectives Arsenic and respiratory cancer in man: Follow-up of an occupational study Lee-Feldstein,A.;W.Lederer(ed.);R.Fensterheim(ed.)
  41. Cancer Res. v.38 Effects of potassium dichromate on nucleic acid and protein syntheses and on precursor uptake in BHK fibroblasts Levis,A.G.;M.Buttignol;V.Bianchi;G.Sponza
  42. The effects of a range of chromium-containing materials on rat lung Levy,L.S.;P.A.Martin
  43. Naturvissenschaften v.65 The mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium is decreased by microsomal metabolism Lofroth,G.
  44. Effects of nickel in the Canadian environment, Ottawa, Report No. 18568, National Research Council National Research Council
  45. Arch. Environ. Health v.34 Lung cancer among pesticide workers exposed to inorganic arsenicals Mabuchi,K.;A.Lilienfeld;L.Snell
  46. Public Health Rep. v.63 no.35 Cancer of the respiratory system in the United States chromate-producing industry Machle,W.;F.Gregorius
  47. Int. J. Cancer v.30 Cancer of respiratory organs among workers at a nickel refinery in Norway Magnus, K. A. Andersen;A.Hogetveit
  48. International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Consideration of Chromium as an Industrial Carcinogen Mancuso,T.F.
  49. Ind. Med. Surg. v.20 no.8 Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant: A medical appraisal. I. Lung cancers in chromate workers Mancuso,T.F.;W.C.Hueper
  50. Environ. Health Perspect. v.70 Contribution of organic particulates to respiratory cancer Matanoski,G.(et al.)
  51. Environ. Res. v.25 Cancer mortality in an industrial area of Baltimore Matanoski,G.;E.Landau;J.Tonascia;C.Lazar;E.Elliot;W.McEnroe;K.King
  52. Toxicological and environmental chemistry v.8 Introduction on environmental chemistry and global cycle of chromium, nickel, cobalt, berylium, arsenic, cadmium and selenium and their derivatives Marian,E.
  53. Mutat. Res. v.58 Comparative studies of chromosomal aberration and mutagenicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium Nakamuro,K.;K.Yoshikawa;Y.Sayato;H.Kurata
  54. Science v.183 Toxic trace elements: preferential concentration in respirable particles Natusch,D.F.S.(et al.)
  55. Sci. Total Environ. v.14 Recent progress and perspectives in cadmium health effects studies Nomiyama,K.
  56. Thorax v.33 Lung cancer in Japanese chromate workers Ohsaki,Y.;S.Abe;K.Kimura;Y.Tsuneta;H.Mikami;M.Murao
  57. Arch. Environ. Health v.29 Respiratory cancer and occupational exposure to arsenicals Ott,M.G.;B.B.Holder;H.I.Gordon
  58. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. v.54 Inhalation studies of nickel sulfide in pulmonary carcinogenesis of rats Ottolenghi,A.D.;J.K.Haseman;W.W.Payne;H.L.Falk;H.N.MacFarland
  59. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. v.8 A second study of the incidence and mortality of cancer of respiratoy organs among workers at an nickel refinery Pederson,E.(et al.)
  60. Environ. Res. v.29 Lung retention and toxicity of some inorganic arsenic compounds Pershagen,G.;B.Lind;N.E.Bjorkund
  61. Environ. Res. v.34 Carcinomas of the respiratory tract in hamsters given arsenic trioxide and/or benzo(a)pyrene by the pulmonary route Pershagen,G.;G.Nordberg;N.E.Bjorklund
  62. Nickel in the Human Environment: Proceedings of a Joint Symposium, March, 1983, IARC Scientific Publ. No. 53 Respiratory cancer mortality of Welsh nickel refinary workers Peto,J.H.;Cuckle,R.;Doll;C.Hermon;L.G.Morgan
  63. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. v.33 no.4 Toxicity and mutagencity of hexavalent chromium on Salmonella typhimurium Petrilli,F.L.;S.DeFlora
  64. Mutat. Res. v.58 Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form Petrilli,F.L.;S.DeFlora
  65. Tumori v.63 Direct interaction with cellular targets as the mechanism for chromium carcinogenesis Raffetto,G.;S.Parodi;C.Parodi;M.DeFerrari;R.Troiano;G.Brambilla
  66. J. Occup. Med. v.19 A retrospective epidemiological study of mortality at a large western copper smelter Rencher,A.C.;M.W.Carter;D.W.McKee
  67. Programme in Occupational Health Faculty of Health Sciences A study of cancer mortality in workers engaged in mining, smelting and refining of nickel Roberts,R.S.;J.A.Julian;D.C.F.Muir
  68. Cancer Lett. v.15 Induction of DNA strand breakage by nickel compounds in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells Robison,S.H.;M.Costa
  69. Mutat. Res. v.91 Enhancement of UV-mutagenesis by low concentrations of arsenite in E. Coli Rossman,T.G.
  70. Japanese J. Chest Disorders v.37 no.2 Occupational cancer among chromium workers Sano,T.;I.Mitohara
  71. J. Occup. Med. v.23 no.12 Epidemiologic study of workers engaged in the manufacture of chromium compounds Satoh,K.;Y.Fukuda;K.Torii;N.Katsuno
  72. Cancer Res. v.41 Oncogenic transformation and cell lysis in C3H/10TI/2 cells and increased sister chromatid exchange in human lymphoctytes by nickel sulfide Saxholm,H.J.K.;A.Reith;A.Brogger
  73. Br. J. Ind. Med. v.40 Mortality study of nickel-cadmium battery workers by the method of regression models in life tables Sorahan,T.;J.A.H.Waterhouse
  74. Environ. Health Perspect. v.47 Assessment of the epidemiological data relating lung cancer to air pollution Speizer,F.E.
  75. Environ. Health Perspect. v.40 Recent research on nickel carcinogenesis Suderman,F.W.Jr.
  76. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. v.70 Carcinogenicity of cadmium aerosols in Wistar rats Takenaka,S.;H.Oldiges;H.Konig;D.Hochrainer;G.Oberdoerster
  77. Amer. J. Public Health v.56 no.2 The relationship of mortality and duration of employment as reflected by a cohort of chromate workers Taylor,F.H.
  78. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. v.74 no.2 Mortality among a cohort of U.S.cadmium production workers: An updata Thun,M.J.;T.M.Schnorr;A.B.Smith;W.E.Halperin
  79. Int. J. Cancer v.17 A cohort study on mortality from cancer and other causes among workers at a metal refinery Tokudome,S.;M.Kuratsune
  80. Health assessment document for inorganic arsenic, EPA/600/8-83/021F U.S.EPA
  81. Health assessment document for chromium, Final report No. EPA/600/8-83/014F U.S.EPA
  82. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, Federal Register 51:339922 U.S.EPA
  83. The Fourth International Cadmium Conference Updated epidemiologic study of cadmium smelter workers Varner,M.O.
  84. Arsenic(Environmental Health Criteria, No.18) WHO
  85. Air quality guideline for Europe, WHO Regional Pub. European Series No. 23 WHO
  86. International Congress on Occupational Health An epidemiological survey on lung cancer in workers of a chromate-producing industry in Hokkaido, Japan Watanabe,S.;Y.Fukuchi
  87. Arch. Environ. Health v.37 Arsenic exposure, smoking, and respiratory cancer in copper smelter workers Welch,K.;I.Higgins;M.Oh;C.Burchfield
  88. Disorders of mineral metabolism, Vol. 1, Trace metals Cadmium Friberg,L.;Kjellstrom,T.;Bronner,F.(ed.);Coburn,J.W.(ed.)