담자균(擔子菌)을 이용(利用)한 발효(醱酵) 사료(飼料)에 관한 연구(硏究)

Conversion of Fermented Feed by Basidiomycetes

담자균(擔子菌)을 이용한 발효사료(醱酵飼料)를 제조(製造)할 목적(目的)으로 분리(分離)한 균주(菌株)의 균생육(菌生育) 속도(速度)와 섬유소분해능(纖維素分解能)((여과지(濾過紙) 붕괴법(崩壞法)과 CMC 액화법(液化法))을 비교(比較)하여 1차 5균주(菌株)를 선별(選別)하였고 1차 선별(選別)된 균주(菌株)를 볏짚배지(培地)에서 생육(生育) 속도(速度)와 CMCase, xylanase, protease 활성(活性)을 비교(比較)하여 Lyophyllum decastes를 선정(選定)하였다. Lyophyllum decastes의 균생육(菌生育)과 효소생산(酵素生産)을 위한 배양(培養) 최적(最適) 조건(條件)은 $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C,\;pH\;6.0{\sim}7.0$, 수분(水分) $70{\sim}75\;%$ 범위였으며 효소생산(酵素生産)은 15일 배양시(培養時) 좋았다. 부원료(副原料)로 미곡(米穀) $30{\sim}40\;%$, 들깨묵 $10{\sim}20\;%$의 첨가(添加)로 효소생산(酵素生産)은 증가(增加)되나 균생육(菌生育)은 늦었으며 무기염(無機鹽)으로 $0.36{\sim}0.72\;%$의 $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ 첨가(添加)가 효과적(效果的)이었다. 볏짚을 40 mesh 이하로 분비(粉碑)하거나 $0.5\;kg/cm^2$의 증기압(蒸氣壓)으로 처리(處理)하면 균생육(菌生育)은 조금 늦으나 효소생산(酵素生産)에는 효과적(效果的)이었다. 알칼리 처리중(處理中) $Ca(OH)_2$ 처리(處理)가 균생육(菌生育)이나 효소생산(酵素生産)에 좋았고 NaOH의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)하면 균생육(菌生育)이나 효소생산(酵素生産)은 낮았다. 볏짚발효시(醱酵時) 발효(醱酵)가 진행됨에 따라 회분(灰分), 환원당(還元糖), 총실소(總室素)는 증가(增加)하였고 섬유소(纖維素), lignin, pentosan은 감소(減少)하였다. 알칼리 처리시(處理時) 회분(灰分), 총실소(總室素), lignin은 감소(減少)하였고 환원당(還元糖)과 섬유소(纖維素)는 증가(增加)하였으며 NaOH의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)할수록 변화(變化)는 심하였다. 발효(醱酵)가 진행됨에 따라 in vitro dry matter 소화율(消化率)은 증가(增加)하여 발효초기(醱酵初期) 55.03 %에서 45일 발효후(醱酵後)는 62.72 %로 증가(增加)하였다. 알칼리 처리시(處理時)는 KOH, NaOH의 처리(處理)가 효과적(效果的)이었으며 NaOH의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)하면 소화율(消化率)은 증가(增加)하였고 알칼리 전처리(前處理) 볏짚의 발효사료(醱酵飼料) 제조시(製造時)도 소화율(消化率)의 향상을 가져 왔다.

To investigate nutritive values of a feed fermented with basidiomycetes, among the isolated strains, Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing. was found with the greatest enzyme productivity and rapid mycelial growth in rice straw medium. Optimum temperature, pH and moisture content for mycelial growth and enzyme production of the strain were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C,\;pH\;4.0{\sim}7.0\;and\;70{\sim}75\;%$, respectively. Fifteen days of culture were required for the highest enzyme productivity. Among the sub-materials added, $30{\sim}40\;%$ of rice bran and $10{\sim}20\;%$ of defatted perilla seeds were effective for the enzyme production, but caused a reduced mycelial growth. The greatest effect of an addition of inorganic salts was obtained with $0.36{\sim}0.72\;%\;of\;(NH_4)_2HPO_4$. When 40 mesh or smaller rice straw and steam treatment at $0.5\;kg/cm^2$ were used, the mycelial growth decreased, whereas the enzyme production increased. The mycelial growth and enzyme production increased when $Ca(OH)_2$ was used as the alkali treatment, but decreased with increasing concentration of NaOH. As the fermentation proceeded, the amounts of ash, reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased, but cellulose, lignin and pentosan decreased. When the rice straw was treated with alkali, the amounts of ash, total nitrogen and lignin decreased, but reducing sugar and cellulose increased. At higher NaOH concentration, the variation become greater. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the products increased from 55.03 % at the beginning of the fermentation to 62.72 % at 45 days after fermentation. The most effective alkali treatment on the digestibility of rice straw was KOH followed by NaOH. However, the digestibility increased with increasing concentration of NaOH. The digestibility of pretreated with alkali increased after fermentation as well.