Abstract
Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, has been caught more than fifty thousand metric tons every year in adjacent sea of Korea, but most of them used for uneatable fish meal because of their rapid spoilage. Usually it is known that the main reason of putrefaction of foods is caused by the maicro-organisms included in them. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to identify the micro-organisms isolated from the intestine of fresh sardine and characterize their proteolytic enzymes produced from them. Aerobic cell count ranged from $1.7{\times}10^4\;to\;3.6{\times}10^5/g$, while anaerobic cell count, from $2.9{\times}10^4\;to\;5.5{\times}10^5/g$. Most of the isolated strains were psychrotrophic mesophiles. Among the two hundred and eighty strains isolated from the fresh samples, fifty-six strains ($20.0\%$) were proteolytics, one hundred and seventy-five strains ($62.5\%$) were lipolytics and tenty-nine strains ($10.5\%$) had the ability to produce hydrogn sulfide. The most predominantly isolated microbial groups from the fresh sardine were Moraxella ($31.4\%$) and Pseudomonas sup. ($28.6\%$). Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae appeared from $7.9\%\;to\;5\%$ out of total tested strains. The average bacterial count in the spoiled samples (stored at about $18^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours) was increased to the level of $2.9{\times}10^8/g$ for aerobes, $1.5{\times}10^8/g$ for anaerobes, then one hundred and ten strains, corresponding to $52\%$, out of two hundred and thirteen strains submitted to the test were proteolytics. The strongest proteolytic bacterium among the two hundred and eighty strains was identified as Pseudomonas 101 which grew best at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum condition for the activity of the proteolytic enzyme produced by Pseudomonas 101 appeared $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 9.0, but the activity was relatively unchanged between 5.0 and 11.0 of pH and between $30^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ of temperature.
매년 정어리의 어획량은 많으나, 선도저하 속도가 빨라서 대부분 어분등 비식용으로 소비되고 있다. 따라서 정어리의 빠른 선도저하에 대한 세균학적 원인규명의 일환으로 정어리 내장세균의 조성을 밝히고 단백질 분해능이 강한 세균을 분리하여 그 균의 배양학적 특성과 생성 효소의 최적 활성조건을 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 신선된 정어리 내장에서 분리된 세균은 대부분 내냉성 중온세균이었고, 생균수는 $25^{\circ}C$의 호기적조건하에서 배양했을 때, $1.7{\times}10^4{\sim}3.6{\times}10^5/g$이었고, 혐기적조건하에서는 $2.9{\times}10^4{\sim}5.5{\times}10^5/g$이었으며, $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$에서 48시간 방치한 시료에서는 호기성균이 $1.3{\times}10^7{\sim}5.5{\times}10^8/g$이었고, 혐기성균은 $3.8{\times}10^7{\sim}3.3{\times}10^8/g$으로 나타났다. 2. 신선한 시료에서 분리된 280 균주중에서 단백질 분해능이 있는것은 $20\%$였고, 지방분해능이 있는 것은 $62.5\%$, $H_2S$를 생성하는 것은 $10.5\%$였다. 또 상온에서 48시간 방치한 시료에서는 213 균주중 110균주가 단백질 분해능이 있었다. 3. 신선한 정어리의 내장에는 Moraxella spp.와 Pseudomonas spp.이 각각 $31.4\%,\;28.6\%$로 주종을 이루고 있었으며, 이외 Flavobacterium-Cytophaga spp., Vibrio spp., Acinetobacter spp.등이 각각 $6{\sim}8\%$로 비교적 많은 편이며, 이외 $2\%$ 내외로 차지하는 세균종류가 수종있었다. 4, 분리된 280 균주중에서 단백질분해능이 제일 강한 균주는 Pseudomonas 101이었으며, 균의 발육 최적조건은 $25^{\circ}C$, pH7.5이었고 generation time은 76분이었다. 5. Pseudomonas 101 균주가 생성한 효소는 alkaline protease였으며, 효소의 활성 최적조건은 pH 9.0, $53^{\circ}C$였으며 pH $5.0{\sim}11.0$, 온도 $30{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ 범위에서는 효소활성이 강했다.